Objective: To study the learning adaptability difference between unofficial rural labor settlers’children andurban settlers’children. Methods: Do one-way analysis of covariance and t-test according to the data from the questionnaires of 592 unofficial rural labor settlers’children and 404 urban settlers’children who come from four cities of Hunan Province. Results: ①Unofficial rural labor settlers’children’s scores were remarkably lower than urban settlers’children’sin learning environment subscale and dimension scale of friend relationship. ②The learning adaptability of unofficialrural labor settlers’children patterns were almost the same as that of the urban settlers’children in the cities with different economic and cultural development levels, and there was not much difference between the learning adaptabilities of unofficial rural labor settlers’children in the cities with different economic and cultural development levels. ③There existed some differences between unofficial rural labor settlers’children from schools of different kinds of cities in learning adaptability. Conclusion: Unofficial rural labor settlers’children can well adapt to junior high school learning in thecity in learning attitudes, learning skills, and mental and physical well-being. The learning environment of the city schoolwhere unofficial rural labor settlers, children study has a considerable effect on their learning adaptability.