设为首页 | 加入收藏
网站首页 本刊简介 编委会 投稿指南 过刊浏览 广告合作 网上订购 下载专区 联系我们  
外语效应:证据、机制与前瞻
作者:张诗容  胡平 
单位:中国人民大学心理学系  北京 100872 
关键词:外语效应|决策|道德判断|情绪 
分类号:R395.1
出版年,卷(期):页码:2017,25(1):45-49
摘要:

Keysar,Hayamaya和An在2012年发现用外语思考能够降低决策偏差,这一现象被他们称作外语效应。综合近年来的研究,外语效应已被证明是稳定存在的,其研究范围已从最初的风险决策领域逐渐拓展到了其他的决策和判断领域,其表现形式也更加的多样化。虽然研究者们对外语效应的内部机制尚未达成共识,但目前主要存在两种解释:控制加工假设和自动加工假设。外语效应作为一个较为新颖的现象,未来还需要更多的实证支持与探讨。

In 2012, Keysar, Hayamaya and An found that thinking with foreign languages reduces decision biases (namely foreign-language effect). Existed literatures suggest that the foreign language effect is robust, not restricted to risky decision-making but extending to other decision makings and moral judgments. No consensus have been reached on the underlying mechanism of foreign-language effect, but there are two plausible hypotheses:controlled-processing hypothesis and automatic-processing hypothesis. As an important and promising field, foreign-language effect needs more investigation in the future.

基金项目:
中国人民大学科学研究基金项目“中日教师心理契约及职业发展比较研究”(亚研字2009008)、中国人民大学科学研究基金[中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助项目(12XNLL06和15XNLQ05)]以及全国民族教育研究课题2016年度合作课题MJZXHZ16003等基金支持
作者简介:
参考文献:

1 Bialystok E. Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism:How Linguistic Experience Leads to Cognitive Change. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2007, 10(3):210-223
2 Keysar B, Hayakawa SL, An SG. The Foreign-Language Effect:Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases. Psychological Science, 2012, 23(6):661-668
3 Costa A, Foucart A, Arnon I, et al. "Piensa" twice:On the foreign language effect in decision making. Cognition, 2014, 130(2):236-254
4 Costa A, Foucart A, Hayakawa SL, et al. Your Morals Depend on Language. PloS One, 2014, 9(4):1-7
5 Hadjichristidis C, Geipel J, Savadori L. The effect of foreign language in judgments of risk and benefit:The role of affect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied, 2015, 21(2):117-129
6 Tversky A, Kahneman D. The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 1981, 211(4481):453-458
7 De Groot AMB. Title:Language And Cognition In Bilinguals And Multilinguals:An Introduction Psychology Press, 2010. 528
8 Pavlenko A. Affective processing in bilingual speakers:Disembodied cognition. International Journal of Psychology, 2012, 6(47):405-428
9 Cipolletti H, Mcfarlane S, Weissglass C. The Moral ForeignLanguage Effect. Philosophical Psychology, 2016, 29(1):23-40
10 Liberman V, Samuels SM, Ross L. The Name of the Game:Predictive Power of Reputations vs. Situational Labels in Determining Prisoner's Dilemma Game Moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2004, 20(9):1175-1185
11 Holt CA, Laury SK. Risk aversion and incentive effects. American Economic Review, 2002, 92(5):1644-1655
12 Ellsberg D. Risk, ambiguity, and the savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1961, 4(75):643-669
13 Foot P. Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1978
14 Haidt J, Koller SH, Dias MG. Affect, Culture, and Morality, or Is it Wrong to Eat Your Dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, 65(4):613-628
15 Geipel J, Hadjichristidis C, Surian L. How foreign language shapes moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2015, 59:8-17
16 Frederick S. Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2005, 19(4):25-42
17 Kahneman D. A perspective on judgment and choice:Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 2003, 58:1644-1655
18 Freud S. The Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena. London:Hogarth Pres, 1893
19 Harris CL, Gleason JB, Ayçiçegi A. When is a first language more emotioal? Psychophysiological evidence from bilingual speakers. Bilingual Minds, Clevedon, 2006. 257-283
20 Pavlenko A. Emotions and multilingualism. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press, 2005
21 Dewaele JM. Emotions in multiple languages. London, UK:Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
22 Degner J, Doycheva C, Wentura D. It matters how much you talk:On the automaticity of affective connotations of first and second language words. Bilingualism:Language and Cognition, 2012, 15:181-189
23 Caldwell-Harris CL, Tong J, Lung W, et al. Physiological reactivity to emotional phrases in Mandarin-English bilinguals. The International Journal of Bilingualism. The International Journal of Bilingualism, 2012, 15:329-352
24 Trope Y, Liberman N. Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 2010, 117(2):440-463
25 Amit E, Algom D, Trope Y. Distance-dependent processing of pictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 2009, 138(3):400-415
26 Rozin P, Royzman EB. Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2001, 5(4):296-320
27 Wu YJ, Thierry G. How Reading in a Second Language Protects Your Heart. Journal of Neuroscience, 2012, 32(19):6485-6489
28 Geipel J, Hadjichristidis C, Surian L. The Foreign Language Effect on Moral Judgment:The Role of Emotions and Norms. PloS One, 2015, 10(7):e131529
29 Gawinkowska M, Paradowski MB, Bilewicz M. Second Language as an Exemptor from Sociocultural Norms. EmotionRelated Language Choice Revisited, 2013, 8(12):e81225
30 Geipel J, Hadjichristidis C, Surian L. Foreign language affects the contribution of intentions and outcomes to moral judgment. Cognition, 2016, 154:34-39
31 Gino F, Moore DA, Bazerman MH. No Harm, No Foul:The Outcome Bias in Ethical Judgments. Harvard Business School, 2010
32 Caldwell-Harris CL. Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language:theoretical implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014, 5:1-4
33 Hintzman DL. "Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 1986, 93:411-428
34 Tulving E, Thomson DM. Encodingspecificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 1973, 80(5):352-373
35 Marian VMK. Language mediated self-construal and emotion in bicultural bilinguals. J Mem Lang, 2004, 51:190-201
36 Marian V, Kaushanskaya M. Words, feelings, and bilingualism:cross-linguistic differences in emotionality of autobiographical memories. Ment Lex, 2008, 3:72-90
37 Lindquist KA. Emotions emerge from more basic psychological ingredients:a modern psychological constructionist model. Emotion Review, 2013, 5:356-368
38 Rand DG, Greene JD, Nowak MA. Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature, 2012, 489(7416):427-430
39 Hayakawa S, Costa A, Foucart A, et al. Using a Foreign Language changes Our Choices. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2016, 11(20):791-793
40 Oganian Y, Korn CW, Heekeren HR. Language SwitchingBut Not Foreign Language Use Per Se-Reduces the Framing Effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 2015
41 Chen N, Rau PP, Yao NT. The influence of Chinese-Western Bilingualism on Rationality in Decision Making Behavior, 2014
42 张积家,刘丽虹,谭力海. 语言关联性假设的研究进展——新的证据与看法. 语言科学,2005,3:42-56
43 Caldwell-Harris CL. Emotionality Differences Between a Native and Foreign Language:Implications for Everyday Life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2015, 24(3):214-219

服务与反馈:
文章下载】【加入收藏
您是第访问者

《中国临床心理学杂志》编辑部
地址:湖南省长沙市中南大学湘雅二医院内, 410011
电 话:0731-85292472    电子邮件:cjcp_china@163.com
本系统由北京博渊星辰网络科技有限公司设计开发 技术支持电话:010-63361626