Objective: This research aims to explore the characteristics of single parent family and its child.Methods: Sample analysis was adopted for a whole group with different layers.6573 children in Wuhu city were surveyed.Parents were required to fill in the following scales: Family Environment Scale, Chinese Children Temperament Scale, Conners Parent Rating Scale, Adult Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and some general questionnaires.Pupils over the fourth grade were required to fill in Juvenile Eysenck Personality Questionnaire;high school students, High School Students Psychological Health Examining Scale.The materials were analyzed with the SPSS11.0 software.Results: 303 single parent families were investigated in the research, in which single mother families were 159 and single father families 144.Noticeable differences were revealed in terms of cohesion, expressiveness, achievement and moral-religious emphasis between two groups of single parent families.Furthermore, striking differences are found in approach-withdrawal of children aged 8-12, paranoid ideation and tension in interpersonal relations of middle school students and spiritual qualities of mothers.Conclusion: Single parent families with different structures are quite different in family spiritual atmosphere, mother's personalities, children's temperament characteristics and the psychological health conditions of junior high school students.